What is the effect of a disturbance on primary succession?

The effect of a disturbance on primary succession is that it begins the ecological process anew in lifeless areas. Primary succession occurs in environments that were previously devoid of life, such as bare rock or areas left after a volcanic eruption. When a significant disturbance occurs, it can reset the ecological clock, leading to the gradual establishment of a living community from the bare substrate.

This process starts with pioneer species, which are typically hardy organisms such as lichens and mosses that can survive in harsh conditions. Over time, as these pioneers alter the environment (e.g., by breaking down rock to form soil), they create conditions that allow for more complex plant and animal life to establish. Thus, a disturbance opens up opportunities for new biological communities to develop from scratch, allowing for the progression of ecological succession. This characteristic of primary succession is essential, as it highlights the resilience of ecosystems and their ability to recover and rebuild following significant disturbances.